Web 2. 0 application namely YouTube Essay Example for Free

Web 2. 0 industriousness namely YouTube EssayThe second group had express interest in other social networking nebs aside from facebook and myspace. The other respondents, fateicularly the Chinese good deal indicated that they are not familiar with facebook and myspace and still very people have heard about facebook and myspace. Very few if not all had used facebook and myspace. On the other hand, they had indicated that they used Xinlang blog and MSN Space. MSN Spaces is a social networking tool developed by Windows (OReilly, 2005).In addition to this, they utilize MSN messenger as the main tool for sending and receiving messages from their classmates or friends. They had indicated that they used Xinlang blog and MSN messengers as a tool for chatting online and having online group meetings. In addition to this, the good thing about using MSN Space is that they are able to stay in touch with friends and present in touch with new news. In addition to this, they are able to acquire the latest photos of interesting events very much the same as what the jump group had encountered.In summary, both groups generally have the same uses for social networking tools but utilize very different social networking tools. Going into another part of the discussion, the study focused on flickr another Web 2. 0 application being used by the group. In general, Flickr is a Web 2. 0 application that can provide a venue for photo sharing and is also a web services suite and is also a social networking alliance medium. In addition to this, Flickr has been known as a photo repository (Anderson, 2007).Students that would want to share academic related pictures opt to utilize flickr as a means of uploading pictures and sharing them to their classmates, at the same time classmates and other peers can comment on it. The popularity of flickr has been furthered because of the innovations posed by online community tools that allow photos to be attach and be searched by folksono mic means. According to recent studies, flickr is quickly approaching al well-nigh one billion images.According to the first group, all members of the group werent in truth utilizing flickr as a means of sharing photos to and fro each other. With this, they could not provide any substantial comments particular to flickr. Some of the group shares their photos in facebook since it would be easier only to maintain a single account instead of having to maintain so many accounts. Students indicated that their current needs only require them to share a current amount of pictures thus there is no need for a photo repository account as facebook and other social networking tasks responds to the task adequately.Group 2 had the same response as that of the first group when asked about photo sharing repositories such as flickr. They mainly utilize their social networking tools as a means of sharing information to and fro their partners as a means of being able to upload their photos, whether academic or non-academic related. wiz thing that was noted by the moderator is the sentiment of many of those use their social networking sites in sharing tools is the capacity of the site to upload and download pictures.Other than that, they indicated no intention of utilizing flickr in the skillful future, unless there may be academic related tasks that would create for the utilization of such a photo sharing repository in order to contact the academic goals set. The next part of the focus group discussion focused on another Web 2. 0 application namely YouTube (Anderson, 2007). According to the discussion, most of participates in Group 1 are quite fond about this service, and they think that the benefit of Youtube is the venue it provides for people to share ikons to a very diverse audience.Video learning such as the one in open universities can be thought of sharing this same kind of concept. A soul in the group pointed out that the good thing about Youtube is that they con tain a variety of videos that are categorized in genres and topics which can help plot of ground the user is searching for his/her desired video. On one note, it can be approximated as facebook as people can make an online video diary so that people can view what a person wants to be viewed and essentially it is quicker and is more interactive as videos can cover a long number of human senses.Similarly, educators can utilize this to present learnings that are otherwise very difficult to be explained by using only words and pictures. One person from the group prefers to get educational videos and documentaries from the network, instead of having to buy them. In focusing on the supposed future of Youtube as seen by the eyes of the respondents, she believes that the video sharing network would remain a very popular cultural tool in the future, especially if the internet connection becomes ever so windy and more efficient in order to upload, download and view videos (Anderson, 2007).

The principles of infection prevention and control Essay Example for Free

The principles of contagion prevention and control EssayOutcome 1 Understand roles and responsibili standoffs in the prevention and control of infections 1.The main roles and responsibilities of the employee in relation to prevention and control of infection are as follows To use protective clothing when needed to check disclose grouchy contamination. This includes gloves, aprons and masks. To gargle pass arounds on a regular basis and effectively. This needs to be done subsequently handling food, in the flesh(predicate) fearfulness, toileting etc. To visualize your health doesnt come in a assay to others. This mountain be if you have been vomiting, cold symptoms etc. To avoid screw up contamination. To en accepted your hygiene is good at either quantify as not to pose a risk to others by passing on germs and cross contaminating.2.The main roles and responsibilities of the employer in relation to prevention and control of infection are as follows To ensure prote ctive equipment is available at on the whole clock, and that they have plenty in stock. To nurse sure the employees are aware of all health and safety aspects of the job. This atomic number 50 include having posters around, having files for the employees to read and putting the employees through training. Keep all bring downs related to infection control using the appropriate financial backing and keeping them in a safe luff. The employer needs to ensure that the pertinent standards, policies and guidelines are available in the work place.Read more Outline effectiveness risks of infection within the workplaceOutcome 2 Understand legislation and policies relating to prevention and control of infections 1.The current legislation and regulatory body standards which are relevant to the prevention and control of infection are as follows Health and safety at work act 1974Health and social complaint act 2008The exoteric health (control of diseases) act 1984Personal protective eq uipment (PPE) regulations 1992 statementled waste regulations 1992Management of health and safety at work regulations 1999Food Safety Act 1990The NICE guidelinesCOSHHRIDDORrelevant codes of practiceNational Minimum Standards (CQC)2.The following local and organisational policies relevant to the prevention and control of infection are The public health (control of disease) act 1984, The social care act, The NICE guidelines and also company policies and procedures that relate to infection prevention and control. Our company states that anyone suffering from and infectious disease mustiness have clearance from a specify or you should seek guidance from your manager.Outcome 3 Understand systems and procedures relating to the prevention and control of infections 1.Procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection are as follows fleet washing Hand washing is important in the work place as it shekels cross contamination with re spotnts and other members of sta ff. You should wash your hands after touching anyone, after handling food, after being to the toilet and after using equipment. Using PPE PPE is important in the care home as it protects you and others from infection. You should ever so use PPE when dealing with food and when dealing with personal care. You should always dispose of PPE before leaving a room or dealing with someone else. This stops cross contamination, protecting yourself and others. Disposal of clinical waste The correct disposal of clinical waste is important. Clinical Waste should be disposed if in chickenhearted bags and tied straight away. This stops cross contamination.2.An outbreak of infection can effect the organisation and the several(prenominal). The impact it can have is as follows Impact on organisation The impact on the organisation can be costly, this is due to staff being sick and coer being needed for them. There can be a loss of confidence from the public and the residents plentiful the home a bad reputation. There is also a risk of infecting family members and visitors. Impact on individual There is a big impact on the individual as their health deteriorates meaning they need time to recover. It can effect their feeding and drinking habits leading them to lose weight and become more ill. It could be fatal resulting in death.Outcome 4 Understand the importance of risk estimate in relation to the prevention and control of infections 1.Risk is a situation, action or event that may cause deterioration or damage to an individual or to yourself. Risk of infection can be not hand washing, not cleaning equipment after use and not disposing of clinical waste safely and mightily as not to cause cross contamination.2.Infections are unavoidable in the care home as there are so many an(prenominal) risks. potential difference difference risks can include the poor hygiene of a resident. This can be ca utilise by them refusing to wash or bathe. Food poisoning is a risk if the kitchen and food get on arent kept clean at all times. Another potential risk is not cleaning equipment after use, as this can cross contaminate others causing harm to them. You must also make sure you dispose of clinical waste in the correct way, in the correct bins and tie bags up straight away as this can lead to a risk of infection.3. Five steps to risk assessment can be followed to ensure that your risk assessment is carried out correctly, these steps are as follows Identify the hazards Hazards can be identified by using a number of varied techniques. This can include walking around the workplace, a clamberg employees and asking family members. Who might be harmed and how? Once hazards have been identified you need to understand who will be harmed and how. This could be the resident themselves, the staff or visitors. Evaluate Risks After identifying the hazards and deciding who may be harmed, you then have to protect the people from harm. This is done by removing the hazar ds or controlling the risk so an injury is unlikely. Record findings Recording your findings shows that you have identified hazards and shows how you plan on removing the hazards. It is a legal requirement to record your documents to prove you are stopping any harm to others. Your recordings should be stored in a safe and locked place. Review and update regularly Its important to regularly review risk assessments so you can update any changes immediately. This is so the risk assessment is always accurate.4.It is important to carry out risk assessments as its aim is to make sure that no one comes to harm and that nobody becomes ill. Risk assessments willnot prevent accidents and illnesses but play a crucial part in reducing the likelihood of it happening. They should be reviewed by all members of staff and kept up to date at all times so all changes are documented. Risk assessments are essential for legal reasons, ethical reasons and for financial reasons. This is so nobody can sue you.Outcome 5 Understand the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the prevention and control of infections. 2.Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a term which covers all equipment intended to be worn, or held by employees that protects them against risks to their own and others health. There are different types of PPE used for different reasons. They are as follows Gloves Gloves prevent self-contamination when dealing with bodily fluids, chemicals or to protect breaks in the skin. Once gloves are removed you should discard them immediately into a clinical waste bin and thoroughly wash your hands. Aprons Aprons should be worn whenever there is a risk of bacterial contamination. This includes bed making, toileting or barrier nursing. Aprons should be changed after every task. This includes resident contact, and between rooms. Masks Masks should be worn when there is an increased risk of blood splashing or an other bodily fluids splashing. They also provide residents protection from staff who have a respiratory infection. fondness Protection Eye protection (goggles, visors etc) should be worn when there is a risk of bodily fluid splashing to protect the eyes from infection.3.Personal protective equipment is used to protect employees and residents from potential risk of harm. Everyone that uses PPE should be properly trained by the employer and follow all correct instructions and procedures. PPE should be used when handling contaminated items, to prevent cross contamination, to protect yourself from infections and to avoid diseases.4.There are many relevant regulations and legislations relating to PPE. These should be read by everyone that uses PPE. They are as follows Personal protective equipment at work regulations 1992Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations 2002 National institute for health and clinical excellence (NICE) guidelines The publichealth (control of diseases) ActThe public health (infectious dise ases) regulations 1998Health and safety at work act 1974The management of health and safety at work act 1994The environmental protection (Duty of care) regulations 1991 Hazardous waste regulations 20055.Employees must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while performing tasks to prevent themselves and residents from getting an infection and to prevent cross contamination between individuals. The employees responsibilities are as follows To use PPE appropriately and as instructed by their employer Check PPE for damage before and after useReport any damage or wear to PPEMake sure PPE is stored in the set facilities6.Employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) required by employees for free of charge, and must provide training to all staff. The employers responsibilities are as follows To make sure PPE is available to staff at all timesThat staff know how to use PPE correctlyThat all staff know the correct application of PPEThat all staff know the correct disposal of PPEThat all staff know the correct preparations for use of PPE7.Before putting on PPE, you must always thoroughly wash your hands. Different protective equipment should be applied and removed differently. Staff should be trained in all different types of PPE. GlovesApplication Select the correct size of glove and correct type of glove (e.g. latex free) damp hands thoroughlyPull over hands far enough that your wrists are cover removal Grab the outside of the glove with the opposite gloved hand and peel off Hold the removed glove in the gloved handSlot your finger under the lip of the remaining glove and peel it off carefully making sure not to touch contaminated surface of glove. Dispose of the gloves in the clinical waste binWash hands thoroughlyApronsApplication Wash your hands thoroughlyPull the apron over your head carefully by trying not to come into contact with your skin Tie the straps around your back carefully not to rip itRemoval Unfasten (or break) the ties around you r backPull the apron away from your neck and shoulders taking care to touch the inside only and not the outer side that is contaminated Fold the apron into a bundle with the inner side on the outside Dispose in the clinical waste binWash hands thoroughly8.It is important that PPE is disposed of correctly to avoid contamination and infection to yourself and others. This is done as follows Put on some medical gloves and place the PPE into a plastic garbage bag Tie the garbage bag tightly and securely to prevent dripping. If dripping does occur and touches your clothes or skin, make sure you wash them thoroughly to prevent infection. Place bag in the correct bin. These are normally labelled.Clean waste containers regularly to stop infection growing.Wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.Outcome 6 Understand the importance of good personal hygiene in the prevention and control of infections 1.There are many principles to maintain good personal hygiene. These help prevent infection and cr oss contamination. The main principles of good personal hygiene are as follows Clothing Uniforms must be clean and free from contamination and washed separately from other clothing on a high temperature. Uniforms should be changed beforeleaving the care home to avoid contamination. Nails Nails should be kept short and clean with no polish on and no extensions. This can cause contamination if polish flakes onto an individual or into food. Hair Hair should be kept clean at all times and tied up in a bobble out of the way. This is to prevent the risk of infection. Jewellery Jewellery should not be worn as they harbour dangerous bacteria. Jewellery can also cause harm to the resident by causing damage to the skin.3. The correct hand washing sequence is as followsRemove all jewelleryTurn the water criticize on making sure its at a comfortable temperature Wet twain handsApply soap from a dispenser and lather both hands palm to palm Rub each hand over the back of each otherInterlock fingers and rub fingers thoroughlyRub thumbs dampen hands to remove the soapDry your hands with a paper towel or hand dryer4.The purpose of hand washing is to precipitate the risk of carrying infection on your hands which could be a risk to yourself or to others. Washing hands with soap and water is the most effective esteem in the prevention of infection. Routine hand washing should be done after the following After using the toiletAfter handling washing or wasteAfter handling a residentBefore and after handling , preparing or eating foodBefore and after giving medicationBefore and after removing glovesBefore starting work and after leaving workAfter touching animals5.There are different types of products that should be used for hand washing. Soap, antiseptic gels and alcohol based hand rubs. Soap from a dispenser should be used in communal areas as bars of soap can carry bacteria thatwill then be passed around to different people. Antiseptic gels contain chemicals that destroy pathogens and these are used when there is a high risk of infection. Alcohol based hand rubs should be used as well of and no instead of hand washing as these add an excess protective barrier against infections.6.It is important that hand cream is applied regularly to the hands as frequent hand washing can cause skin problems. It can cause them to dry out which can cause the skin to develop cracks, this itself causing bacteria. Allergies to washing preparations and gloves can sometimes occur and need account to your manager straight away, in order for them to get you the equipment to protect your hands. If there are any cuts or grazes of the skin, they should be covered by a stick on or bandage at all times to prevent infection into the wound and from the wound to others.

Psychology for law enforcement Essay Example for Free

Psychology for law enforcement EssayStarting a Behavioral Science unit of measurement (BSU) in local law enforcement would benefit the community in many atomic number 18as. Criminology and psychology earning together shtup help in understanding abuse that is happening in our society as strong as in our own communities giving soften means of attending to victims, law enforcement as well as the illegals. The study of behavior began in the late 1800s but it was through the work of B. F. Skinner. Behavior hypothesis is the basis for behavior modification and hotshot approached used in institutionalized and non institutionalized settings for changing behavior. The primary thesis is that all behavior is learned and can be unlearned. The approach is concerned with apparent behavior in contrast to the traditional psychoanalytic emphasis on deep, underlying personality problem that must be uncovered and treated. Behavior theory is based on the belief that it is not the unconsci ous that is important but, rather, the behavior, which can be observed and manipulated. It is assumed that neurotic symptoms and some deviant behavior are acquired through an unfortunate quirk of learning and are recognizeing to the patient.The undesirable behavior can be eliminated, modified, or replaced by taking away the reward value or by rewarding a more appropriate behavior that is incompatible with the deviant one. It is argued that behavior is controlled by its consequences. In dealing handle a shot with behaviors that are undesirable, behavioral therapy attempts to change the persons long-established patterns of response to himself or herself and to others (Schwartz, 1989). The starting of the BSU would only help to strengthen this theory.The unit should be staffed with undivideds that have an educational background that had strength in the area of social psychology for the unit to give greatest benefit. Social psychology is the scientific study of how the thoughts, fee lings and behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior or characteristics of other people. The focus of social psychology is on social cognition, attitudes, social influence and social challenge (Miller, 1984).Certified psychologists in counseling should be incorporated in requirements for employment. Depending on the budget for the program at least 2 psychologists on call for small departments to having a full time psychologist with a staff working for larger departments. This type of unit should be considered a focus on prevention of discourtesy in and around the community. Peacemaking criminology would be the apparent motions of this unit. With this it focuses on the prevention rather than the repression of crime.Although crime prevention often means different things to different people, practitioners in the public health community have delineated three ecumenical approaches that I would like to use for this discussion primary, seco ndary, and tertiary prevention (Moore, 1995). Primary prevention attempts to keep nefarious behavior from arising in the first place it is directed at the entire community and not just at individuals who are seeking or who exact treatment.Secondary prevention concentrates on early identification and treatment of vulnerable or at risk youths, and tertiary prevention entails interventions that protect society from offenders and that cut off the likelihood of recidivist behavior. The most effective prevention strategy is one that combines all three modalities. Efforts to address the social disorganization often found in inner-city areas will also be required.We motif to put an end to racially segregated and densely populated housing projects that concentrate poor minorities, socially separate them from the middle class and depriving them of the resources necessary for stable communities strong families and positive role models that reinforce conventional values and provide network s of informal social control. Well funded investments like a Behavioral Science whole can better refer the part of society most in need to the social programs best suitable for the individual or individuals (Barkan, 1997).Community based corrections, facilities and programs from those that may be located in the community but are not, strictly speaking, community based such(prenominal) as BSU will help the society as a whole. The degree to which a corrections stem is community based can be mensural by the frequency, quality and duration of community relationships as well as by the number of commitments to large state institutions, the extent to which other community service are used, and the degree of involvement by local groups and individuals.Some community correctional centers comprise a wide variety of programs including residential and nonresidential facilities (Miller, 1984). The BSU can help to bridge the gap law enforcement has with these larger community correctional center s. Social scientists continue to work toward understanding the causes of crime. Some look for a general theory to explain all crime some of those approaches that look at the social structure or social structure theory. What we do know approximately crime is that men commit the most, but that some crimes have been increasing among women.We know that most crimes are committed by persons who are mobile residentially and who live in a large city. . We know that among juveniles, those who are bonded closely to their families and schools are less likely to commit delinquent acts or crimes than those who are not bonded. We know that those who are unemployed and hovering at the bottom of societys social class structure are more likely to be winding in property crimes than those who are at the top of the social structure.But that knowledge of the serious property crimes as defined by the FBI must be considered along with data about white collar crime. This is where the Behavioral Science U nit would be very helpful to local law enforcement the most. Helping the officers to better understand just who they are trained to deal with, criminals (Messner Rosenfeld, 2001). Biologists and chemists were not the only professionals to link behavior to physical characteristics. Some early psychologists attempted to explain criminal behavior by means of the inherited trait we call intelligence.But the social psychologist look at environment, social interaction as well as biological to look for answers to behaviors and possible ways of deterrence. A society that permits deviation can expect negative deviation or crime. Laws emerge because societies understand the need to institute a more formal system of social control. Behavioral theory helps to make the formal system flow more easily and work more efficiently. Laws emerge out of this consensus.Laws are enacted by the group in power as a means of controlling those not in powers. Criminals do not differ necessarily from non crimin als, but the difference may be in the way society reacts to their behavior. That is why a Behavior Science Unit incorporated into law enforcement offices will only increase the efficiency of the ability of that department to effectively enforce the laws our society has created and to connect the community to these offices in an effort to improve crime in and around the surrounding communities.

Inter Generational Theory Of Abuse Psychology Essay

Inter Generational Theory Of Ab do Psychology EssayThe inter-generational theory of deprave is a widely accepted notion by professionals and lay people alike. This theory suggests that churlren exposed to physical, emotional or sexual abuse will subject their military issue to a one of these take a leaks of maltreatment. However, the evidence that undermines this theory is too large to ignore. The evidence that supports this hypothesis refers to abused children becoming juvenile delinquents and the identification of the child with the abuser. Methodological problems, generalizability issues and misfortunate validity of the experiments conducted undermined the plausibility and truth in the hypothesis. Another strong factor is the tutelar factors and predisposition of abused children, who break the musical rhythm of abuse which is more familiar than thought. In this essay I will discuss the evidence both for and against the hypothesis.Kaufman and Zigler (1987) found that the p apers written on studies of inter-generational abuse assert validity without proper evidence because their primary sources of information are unreliable. These studies rely largely on case studies, agency records, clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires. An example of case studies was those mostly done with parents whose children were in hospital for non-accidental injuries (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Most of these parents reported histories of abuse, but because there were methodological problems (such as limited control measures) the generalizability of the findings is not possible. Agency records likewise had many of the same limitations. The congressman samples, comparison subjects and formal definitions of abuse differed. The omissions in agency records were rarely recorded. Clinical interviews are valuable for generating hypotheses about inter-generational theory but they lacked comparison groups and definitions were far from legal criteria (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Se lf-report questionnaires lacked the exploration of the statistical relationships among determinants of abuse (Kaufman Zigler, 1987). Egeland Jacobvitzs detect that the history of abuse could not be separated from influence of p overty, stress and brotherly isolation on parenting behavior. They also noted that the broader the definition is, the greater the apparent link be falls in the inter-generational hypothesis thus make the validity of the collected data low (Kaufman Zigler, 1987).According to Langeland and Dijkstra (1995) the variations of definitions of abuse cause considerable variation of the rates of transmission. They concur that due to bad methodologies making generalizations from the information is problematic. They also highlight the need to study both mothers and fathers (because they suffer clinical and theoretical relevance), which isnt always the case. Langeland and Dijkstra (1995) show how many studies only examine one child (e.g. Goodwin et al., 1981 Main Goldwyn, 1984 Altemeier et al., 1986 Egeland et al., 1988 Pianta et al., 1989 Burkett, 1991 Boyer Fine, 1992 Caliso Milner, 1992 Herzog et al. 1992 as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra 1995) and suggest researchers need to envision at wider family context (that is brothers, father, grandparents, aunts and cousins).Widom (1989) highlights that the methodological problems play a role in the misrepresentation and overestimation of the actual statistics related to the inter-generational theory. In Widoms review of the literature, she also emphasizes the over dependence on self-report, inadequate documenting of childhood abuse, and the infrequent use of control groups. According to Widom researchers should make a clearer distinction between abused and neglected children because the differences in consequences are significant the information collected overlaps and distorts the results. Widom thus suggests the need for better rating scales for studies, and the need for a greater methodol ogical awareness and refinement.Protective Factors and PredispositionsKaufman and Zigler (1987) observed that some parents (with a history of abuse) became inglorious parents whereas other did not. Hunter and Kilstrom (as cited in Kaufman Zigler, 1987) attributed this to the somebodys having extensive social support (e.g. therapy) fewer undecided feelings about being pregnant, they were openly angry about the abuse they endured, and their babies were healthier. Another study by Egeland and Jacobvitz (as cited in Kaufman Zigler, 1987) found mediating factors to be that one parent/foster parent was loving and care towards the abused child, the abused had an emotionally supportive spouse, they also had fewer current stressful life events and they had a greater awareness of history of abuse and had come to terms with it. This study provides information on the interrelationships (etiology of abuse and other influences) of the many determinants of a parents behavior.Langeland and Dijk stra (1995) also found that many abused children manage to break the wheel of inter-generational abuse. They emphasize the factors that protect/buffer the transmission. Belsky (1980, as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra, 1995) says there are multiple factors at work that cause abuse such as the individual (personality of parents) familial (the home/family environment e.g. marital relationship) community (formal informal social structures e.g. neighborhood and other family) cultural (societal expectations and attitudes). However, Belsky (1980, as cited in Langeland and Dijkstra) says the interaction of risk and tutelary factors are important because they effect likelihood of transmission of abuse between generations.Garbarino Gilliam (1980, as cited in Widom, 1989) recites that other life events or the predisposition of the child (e.g. inbred abilities, physiological predispositions, and social supports) will protect them from the effects of abuse.Deliquency and IdentificationKau fman and Zigler (1987) commented on the many other factors that contribute to abuse. Children may find themselves in similar social or relationship conditions (or have long lasting effects of child abuse) that led their parents to be abusive to them as children and cope in the same way.Quinton and Rutter (1988) reiterate that abuse occurs for many reasons namely substantial social and environ mental hardships and a constellation of psycho-social difficulties. It is noted that children may have the same or similar situations as their parents and cycle continues because of the same outside influences. They found that abuse can read to personality disorders, alcoholism, and criminality all of which are associated with abuse. Sir Keith Joseph (1972, as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988) said short parenting is a central mechanism for encouraging inter-generational transmission of family problems (that is children learn from their parents).Men that were imprisoned for violence against children were found to have come from large families where abuse was greenness (Gibbens Walker, 1956 Scott, 1973, as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988) and women accused with child-battering were associated with unhappy, loveless and traumatic childhoods (Lukiarowitz, 1971 as cited in Quinton and Rutter, 1988). Quinton and Rutter (1988) noted that the vulnerabilities deriving from exposure to poor parenting can lead to them being abusive (e.g. depression is known to be associated with abuse).Widom (1989) emphasized that the immediate consequences of child abuse are physical injuries or emotional trauma but that the emotional and developmental scars may persist thus leading to the likelihood of inter-generational transmission of abuse.McCall Shields (1986, as cited in Widom, 1989) highlighted the context of violence in culture. Accordingly the approval of such behaviors legitimizes and reinforces the use of violence (Gil, 1973 Huggius Straus, 1980 Steinmetz, 1977 as cited in Wi dom, 1989) which in turn instigates the high degree of acceptance of violence in culture (R.A. Stark McEvoy, 1970 as cited in Widom, 1989). It is so not too difficult to deduce that learning to become violent through normal childrearing experiences might be transmitted from generation to generation (Goldstein, 1986 as cited in Widom, 1989). The social learning of a child and the witnessing/victims of physical and emotional aggression become a model for the child that violence is appropriate in the home (Bandua, 1973 Feshbach, 1980 as cited in Widom, 1989). Straus et al. (1980, as cited in Widom, 1989) suggest that each generation of abusive parents learns to be violent by being a histrion in a violent home. Other evidence suggests that abuse leads to aggressive behavior, depression, withdrawal and self-punishing behavior all of which lead to abusive behavior which would suggest that the cycle of abuse can be and is transmitted. It is also suggested that abuse may lead to becomin g an abusive parent, a delinquent, or a violent criminal (Widom, 1989).McCord (1983) did a study on abused, neglected, rejected, and loved boys. She found that 45% of the abused and neglected boys ended up being convicted for serious crimes, becoming alcoholics, suffering a mental illness, and/or died unusually young. Their parents were found to have been similar. Other researchers Rocklin and Lavetts (1987) research has demonstrated that identity formation (process by which a child incorporates aspects of a significant other) adds to inter-generational transmission. This is because they form these identifications as a coping mechanism rather than actual identity. However, the identification can persist and is often seen to be used later in life. codaIt is clear that being abused puts people at risk of being abusive towards their offspring but it is not the only factor and the path is not direct. There are many protective factors that buffer the adverse effects of abuse, which often breaks the cycle of abuse. The methodological limitations of most experiments (and lack of control measures) have lead to misleading representations of the statistics, and the inter-generational transmission of false facts (Widom, 1989). However the persistent acceptance of the inter-generational theory seems to have undermined many studies as well. The risk factors and society in which a child learns from seems to cause abuse and the transmission from generation to generation. In conclusion abuse is not necessarily transmitted from generation to generation, because there are many protective factors and the path is not direct. The past and present influence the likelihood of abused children becoming abusive parents, not just the possibility of the inter-generational abuse occurring.

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya1. Kautilya, in any case known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.2The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East cover most of peninsular India. The empire lasted one hundred fifty years until roughly 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reapp eared in 1904 and was published in English in 1915.32. He was a great thinker who could write a definitive treatise on economicals and government at a time when great busts of the world was steeped in intellectual darkness. All sources of Indian tradition Brahmanical , Buddist and jain-agree that Kautilya (also refer to as Vishnugupta in a stanza included at the end of the work) destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installight-emitting diode Chandra Gupta Maurya in the throne of Magadha. The recognise Kautilya denotes that he is of the Kutila gotra Chanakya shows him to be the son of Chanaka and Vishnugupta was his personal name.While it is known that Kautilaya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadh. Not much is known round his early invigoration turn out that he had a score to settle with the Nanda king and he had vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He found Chandragupta and took him to Taxila and gave him an education fit for a fu ture king. Together, Kautilya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. The revolt misfired and Chandragupta and Kautilya fled the scene to save themselves and during this escapade Chandragupta and Kautilya was hiding himself in an old womans dwelling. He overheard her rebuking her child saying you are just like Chandragupta Because he had got his fingers burnt by starting to eat from centre of hot dish. The Duo learnt their lessons and changed their tactics and began conquest from frontiers and finally Chandragupta was installed as the King of Magadh4. Kautilya then retired from active life history and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana-Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on disk operating systemcraft unsatis featureory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. He was way ahead of his times in his thinking and covered every conceivable aspect on the art of politics and warfare, which could be imagined at the time he lived. For Kautilya, military strategy was an total part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. How to form alliances, how to organise and administer them, how to attack a effective king, how to deal with revolts in rear, what tricks to play on gullible people- there is plenty of evidence in the text to indicate that the author was giving real life answers to every conceivable hypothetical situation.3. Army has been regarded from the beginning as one of the necessary instruments for the guardianship of a state. Kings, not only in India but passim the ancient world, maintained well organised and well prepared armies both for the defence and expansion of their kingdoms. History is full of instances that whenever any ruler or state neglected the maintenance of their armies, failures in the form of loss of sovereignt y or territory have occurred. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of Earth. Arthashastra could be regarded as the memorise of the general well being on earth. And since the state can make this well being possible, the protection of Earth and its acquisition which are an essential part of state activity are declared to be province of this shastra. Kautilyas Arthashastra does not take any religious aspect into account. It deals with the various subjects directly and with accuracy. The Arthashastra contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books, 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner(a) Book 1 deals with Fundamentals of management.(b) Book 2 deals with Economics.(c) Books 3, 4 and 5 describe Law.(d) Books 6, 7, 8 talks about Foreign Policies.(e) Books 9 to 14 look into the subject of War.(f) The 15th book describe the methodology use in writing the Arthashastra.4. The topic of war is the last subject in the Arthashastra since War is always the last option. However if a war is unavoidable, preparation and maintenance of the army and the correct warfare strategies are essential in the defence of a country. Warfighting has changed over the centuries due to the impact of changing technology and other factors. Kautilya contributed immensely to the development of the same, his ways of arranging battle groups in war and their court during tranquility keeping all relevant factors in consideration still merits report card by the innovational armies. Kautilya in his Arthashastra states that war is a method to achieve wealth and stability. He emphasised the need to understand all the constraints which emerge in warfighting. Kautilya has argued that the main constraint that a state faces is the economic constraint and many a wars have been lost for want of resources. The Arthashastra has advised the king to eliminate the constraints, generally the economic const raints in the furtherance of sates interests. The use of economic strength as a means of states power has also been stated by Kautilya.JUSTIFICATION OF THE reckon5. Kautilya in ARTHASHASTRA has dealt with various existing subjects which formed the basis of Chandragupta Mauryas rule and victories. In fact there is a view that Kautilyas Arthashastra deals only with matters of foreign policy and economy. A great portion of this book does in fact, deals at length with military matters. He consolidated the existing strategies and tactics of those times and gave his opinion on the subjects, which led to victories of Chandragupta Maurya , who never lost a campaign. It thus emerges that the excellence of Kautilya was not only in diplomacy but also in warfare, but the important fact is that he was able to illustrate methods to organise and manage the armed forces in a large empire. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were examined and spread out in all the adhikaranas, thus leading for topic of research for integrating and analysing those important aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire, and at the same time analyse its relevance for modern armies.6. Armed conflict has many aspects attached to it and it is not only attack and apprehend .The constraints are what the commander in the battlefield has to deal and find the solution of each of the constraints. The constraints are tangible constraints and also intangible constraints which have to be solved to progress the war and finally achieve victory. The tangible constraints can be the economic requirements for war effort and the logistics support required for the armed forces and the intangibles are morale, lead and the training of the troops. The intangible constraints vary from motivation, trg and cohesiveness which are a result of the org and administration of the army.7. Kautilya deals with the complexity of the modern warfare with the constraints faced during war being standardised to older times. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the present day warfare. The principles of Constraint resolution spoken by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy will provide knowledge of warfare in ancient India and would also explain the important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the modern world.MethodologyStatement of Problem8. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were covered and spread out in all the adhikaranas of Arthashastra. Analysis of these aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire is obviously important. However pertinency of these concepts needs to be studied and analysed due to the changed spectrum of modern day warfare and its relevance for 21st century armies.9. Hence there is a need to weigh the warfare aspects propogated by Kautilya with reference to Management of warfare and analyse its relevance for modern armies.Hypothesis10. Warfare Management aspects propogated by Kautilya with specific reference to organization, administration and economics of warfare are relevant for modern armies.Scope11. This study concentrates on the relevance of Kautilyas teachings with regard to military aspects in general and organizational, administrational and economic aspects in detail including the aspects of tactics, strategy. The paper will attempt to assess the link between economic power of the state and the military power and how one is derived from the other. The methods of resolution of the economic constraints during Kautilyas time and the modern times will also be discussed. The study aims to focus on aspects, which are still relevant for the better management of modern armies.Organization of the Dissertation12. Chapt erisationChapter NoChapter HeadingIIntroduction Methodology.IIOrganisation of Army and Constraints in warfare -Drawing parallels with Arthashastra.IIIAdministration including Man Management and Welfare Aspects.IVArthashastra approach to economics of war and derivation of Military power from economic power.VRelevance to modern armiesVIConclusion.

Measuring The Impact Of Given Hrm Strategy Commerce Essay

Measuring The Impact Of Given Hrm Strategy Commerce Essay humans election is seen as iodine of the most critical differentiators changes to the organizations competitive advantages. All the other assets, such as products, markets, cash, buildings and equipment argon passive require tender-hearted application to generate care for (Caliskan, 2010). It is the workforce that forgathers the key factor to sustaining the productivity for the organizations. How great deal being managed effectively and the behaviours of theirs locoweed tell an organizations performance. In other words, the organizational performance can be explained by productivity, efficiency, authorization and competitiveness made by the employees.INTRODUCTIONThis essay testament discuss why work ethic principles and values are part of the human resources schema, how training and further education can enhance employees behaviours at that placefore to offer much to the organizations performance, and how human resources bear upons on corporate performance.THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN MEASURING THE have-to doe with OF GIVEN HRM STRATEGYEvery organization is powered by its people. And the organizational effectiveness is viewed by the quality of services deliver to their customers who develop the organizations reputation. HR strategies play to role to help to organizations to delivery excellent services. Successful organizations see HR strategy formulation and execution as a continuous and dynamic process. In fact, effective HR strategies are essential to ensure productivity and maximum success for organizations.Effectiveness is one way of measuring the impact of HRM strategy implantation. The confessedly success of the human resources attention could not be just measured by the organizations financial tar pee-pees. We should not treat strategies isolated, they motivating to be bundled. on that pointfore, to measure the effectiveness of strategic contribution of human resource management should management on the overall contribution to the success of the organization, in terms of added value, competitive advantage and the impact on assembly line performance (The connection of Business Executives , 2008). And typically, ways in which this contribution has been made will includeDevelop a positive and rubicund working surroundEnhance positive motivations and commitmentIncrease employee skills and extended the skills baseProvide employees with extended responsibilities so they can make full part of their skills and abilitiesProvide career opportunities and define competence requirementsProvide career development and avocation security to employeesInstituting processes of performance management and continuous developmentUse recognize management system to convey messages about what the organization believes to be important.Share information and management transparent. Provide employees with invoice.Treat employees as partners instead of team players. (The Associati on of Business Executives , 2008)THE AVAILABLE TOOLS USED FOR MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HRM STRATEGYOrganizations ingest to have a complete system for the followingsIdentify what process should bring home the bacon (i.e. its objectives), accordingly measure what is actually being achieved, compare what is actually being achieved a touchst what should have been achieved, then provide required corrective actions if necessary, last implement new actions.By doing all these can measure weather the HRM strategy being effective or not. The popular concept for measuring the effectiveness of human resources strategy these age are Balance add-in and Benchmarking.Balance scorecard is comprehensive management tools to measure and share the organizations progress towards its achievement of the strategic goals. More specifically, the oddment scorecard is a strategic planning management system that consists of people, strategy, process and technology to align the organization to share a version of achieving its success and getting the people working on the proper(ip) tracks. Added value, it is people who develop visions, define and set goals, develop strategic plans and implement them (The Association of Business Executives , 2008).This right organization structure is to develop employees being motivate and managed effectively, gain their commitment therefore to deploy them effectively, productively. For example, traditional measures of performance such as value of barters per salesperson,With this strategic management scorecard system, the organizations operational performance such as financial attitude, customer results, operational efficiency and capacity building can be measured and valued.The balance scorecard is also a communication system through the whole organization to provide better aligning strategic objectives with resources. It sets goals and drives all the employees to adopt and aline their attitudes and behaviours/actions to achieve them.The b alance scorecard helps people within the organization to come to a better understanding regards the interrelationships between different organizational functions. Therefore the twitch management can avoid the functional barriers and purify purpose- fashioning and problem solving. Ultimately enhance the organizations performance.Last but not least, the balanced scorecard helps the organization focus on the future not simply the past or present.Another popular tool of measuring organizations performance is Benchmarking. In fact benchmarking has long been accept in industry as an effective means of improving telephone circuit performance. Benchmarking is frequently cited as the second most popular global technique (after caper planning) for performance improvement (Bencharmarking, 2006).The shortest definitions of benchmarking is Finding and implanting best practice (Camp, 1995). It means searching for industry best practice that lead to superior performance. Benchmarking is the process of comparing ones business process and/or best practices from other industries. Organizations benchmark themselves in quality, measure and cost etc. against their real peers therefore to improve their performance.Benchmarking process diagram(Bencharmarking, 2006)There are two types of benchmarking Informal and Formal benchmarking. Here I would only talk about formal benchmarking, which consists Performance and best practice benchmarking. Performance benchmarking involves proportion of the organizations financial status (such as expenditure, cost of labour, adherence to budget, cash flow, revenue collected etc.) and non-financial measures (such as staff turnover, budget processing time, complaints etc.).Through benchmarking, the organization can recognize whether is being a leader or it is far behind in the market. For example, by comparing the income with the organization itself to the industry, the organization can know whether it is making too small profits or there is s till more rooms to grab more profits. These processes involve identifying, capturing, analysing and comparing, the organization gains fellowship to know its status well enough which leads to better business strategies and responding human resources practices.The CONNECTION BETWEEN HRM STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCEHuman resource is considered the most important factors to gain and sustain competitive advantages for organizations. In order to achieve this, the human resource management practices need to be aligned within themselves (internal fit). The human resource management also need to be aligned with the organizations strategy (strategic fit) (Lamboij, Sanders, Koster and Zwiers, 2006).Human resources strategy should always match the business strategy. It should be flexible, compatible, adoptive, integrated, and effective to the organizational changes. The goals of HR strategy process are strictly concerned with the managing people effectively which can assist in the a chievement of organizational objectives.The best fit human resource strategies that help the organizations to gain and sustain competitive advantages should beInvest in people to increase capability and align skills to the organizational needs through on-the job and off-the job training and further educations. Providing training and development, job security and satisfaction are key human resource techniques essential for high performance.Acknowledge the organizations identifies and the knowledge/attitudes that require to meet the organizational goals and satisfy the customers.Define and promote the behaviours and positive attitudes required for organizational success and boost, valued and rewarded them. The better employees know what to expect from them, the more they behave cooperatively towards their co-workers and their supervisors. HRM provides professional conduct guides that apply to from hourly employees up to top management to determine business related acts or behaviours are right or wrong.Appoint right employees with the right skills/abilities to do the right jobs to let them feel fulfilled and challenged.Gain employees commitment and loyalty to the achieve organizations missions and goals.ETHICAL CODES OF aim/BEHAVIOUR IN HRM STRATEGYThere are a number of reasons why developing a workplace canon of morals is crucial. Workplace morality is the moral conducts of behaviours developed by a place of business to determine what is expected of employees in a particular settings. Managers play the key role to cope responsibility for determining and enforcing the acceptable and expected standards within their organizations. Workplace ethics set the rules of conduct for everyone at a particular business environment. It helps everyone to know what is encouraged/expected or inappropriate at work. If everyone is clear on what kind of behaviours are expected and what is unacceptable, employees are able to be point out when there are some actions are out of the lines. Workplace ethics also ensures that employees are treated equally and they always have rights to speak for themselves. Workplace ethics helps to enhance reputation by gaining consumers to think that the organizations are somehow better than their competitors. More importantly, the estimable standards/values are shared and known within the organizations by the entire staff, the environment will be conductive to values-driven behaviours, such as values that can guide end making and discussion and information share-out values can help to enhance a sense of commitment to the organizations and therefore, are an important part of high commitment management. Values can improve the all the relationships within and outside the organizations. For example, within the organization, between the organization and its workforce, values and ethics codes identify the attitudes towards equal opportunities and diversity Between management and employees, value and code ethics guide the manag ers to maintain a professional relationships with employees, and to identify the importance of trust, respect and equality Between employees, values and ethics codes identify what sort of behaviours are expected among employees. Outside the organization, values and ethics and make an organization stand out among other competitors to its customers and consumers (The Association of Business Executives , 2008). Indeed an organization that has good value and ethics code can impress its customers with their attitudes, the responsibilities they have towards the social responsibility and the views of the environment, etc.THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTHuman resource managers are in a key position to ensure that ethics codes management is applied through the whole organization. Communications and training programmes are essential. And managers need to make decisions honourablely to determine business-related acts or behaviours are right or wrong. Business et hics can provide businesses with moral guidelines in conducting their affairs.Managers often caseful ethical dilemmas in the workplace but they may not aware of it. On reason is the manager is not trained in ethics so it is difficult to know when an ethical issue exists (Mintz, 2011). The first step in making ethical decisions is to be sensitive to identify the unethical signposts in question. narrow whether your decision harms one or more parties while benefiting others. Managers need to be aware that ethical decision making causes the consequences of the actions on others the stakeholders in the specific situation.The bordering step is to identify alternative choices and actions to evaluate them in the ethical way. Be sure to follow the laws, regulations, practices and company policy including the code of conducts. From an ethical perspective veritable guidelines apply such as dont violate anyones rights be fair-mined in deciding how best to resolve the dilemma, always follow basic virtues including honesty, integrity, reliability and being liable and accountable for ones actions (Mintz, 2011). After evaluating the alternatives from the ethical perspective, managers need to know for certain how the potential decision might affect the stakeholders. It should create trusting or even statutory problems/reputation damage among employees and top management. The last step in ethical decision-making is the most difficult one. It takes a lot to carry out an ethical decision with ethical action. It could be the case that the ethical decision and ethical action would actually do harm to the company reputation or other employees pictorial matter among the organization. For example, if sales A found out that sales B, one of the top sales in the company, misleading customers a bit regarding the product (not a unspoilt mistake) in order to get more sales. In this case, should sales A reports to the top management straight away or just pretend zero point happen? If reports to the top management, they may likely not do anything. Or they would think sales A is just getting jealous with sales B, which will lead them to think that sales A is not the type of guy that they want to keep for long term. Or the top management invest in the dot and find out the truth and they have to fire sales B, which the consequence will be the company lost a top sale and some big customers therefore it effects the organizations reputation and selling targets. One of the the rational way to deal with this unethical issue will be whistle-blowing. sales A could make an anonymous complain or letter to report this unethical behaviour explain the behaviour or issue in detail as well as how the issue should be resolved.Nowadays organizations have employees from different culture background. One thing managers need to ensure that they do not discriminate unfairly in their decisions or actions towards employees, either before or during the employment. Organization should provide equal opportunities to everyone within the organization. Managing cultural diversity is never easy. Recognising the behaviours of dissimilarity is the first step towards establishing equal treatment working environment.All in all, the responsibilities of good managers in making ethical decisions areBe sensitive with the ethical issues in working environmentBe clear with the responding consequence followed by the ethical decisions/actionsIdentify company policy, code of ethics conducts and carry out the ethical actionsTRAINING METHOD IN WORK PLACETraining in an organization can be divided to two broad types. They are on the job trainings and off-the job trainings. With on-the-job trainings, employees receive trainings while they are at work. In this way, employees are conducting and learning when they are working. On-the-job training gives employees motivation to start the job. some reports indicate that people learn more efficiently if they learn hands on rather than jus t listening to the instructors.Example New engineers could work with undergo engineers. They could ask questions about the machines and the tools they are operating on, the problems they may come across the usual solutions to them etc.Instructors need to make the plan for what should be taught, and how much time spend on it, and after the trainings employees will informed about their progress.The main methods of on-the-job/off-the-job training includedDemonstration / Instruction Showing on locate to the trainers specifically how to get the job done.Coaching a more detailed and intensive method of training that involves a close working relationship between the experienced trainers and the trainees. Coaching gives trainees the chance to ask questions and receive honest answers.Lectures Lectures usually take place in a classroom-format. Giving lectures supply huge enumerate of information to a lot of people in a short amount of time. But lectures could get boring and trainees los e interest in it. root word discussion convention discussion is most likely to take place in a classroom where a group of people discuss issues. Group discussion can allow employees to ask questions and provide ideas for the management. Comparing to lecture, it gets more involvement from the employees, and managers can heave the voice from the employees.Role playacting Role playing allows employees to act out issues that could occur in the work place. Role playing can be effective in connecting theory and practice.There are umpteen methods of trainings. The key is to find the best training method to suit the actual situation. Assess each training method implemented in the organization and get feedbacks from trainees. Then decide to adopt the most effective method to specify the training programme (Silva, 2011)FURTHER TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTThese days for every business their goal is to stay competitive in the market. And highly skilled, motived and committed staff is the key f actor to achieve that goal. Further-training widens employees skills and acknowledge, and therefore enable their personal advancement to contribute more to the organizations performance. Providing career development helps to motive employees and gain their commitment.In details, firstly, training and development helps in maximizing the human resource which further helps the organization to achieve organization goals as well as their personal goals. Secondly, training and development helps to provide opportunities to broaden employees knowledge, increase their skills, improve their personality even. Thirdly, training and development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term success. Fourthly, training and development helps building the positive attitudes, good team spirits, and friendly working environment among the organization. It also helps improving the quality of work and work-life. Last but not least, trai ning and development helps in the organization development. For example, the organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving with dedicated and skilled staff. Training and development helps in developing leadership skills, employee motivation, loyalty, positive attitudes, good perceptions between managers and employees.CONCLUSIONHuman resource is the most valuable resource to gain and maintain competitive advantage for organizations. From above we know that HRM impacts greatly on organizational performance. There are available tools such as balanced scorecards and benchmarking to measure the effectiveness of HRM. In workplace, unethical issues are inevitable and ethical codes of principles are necessary for every company. Mangers need to make ethical decisions and act on them ethically. Training and further education improves employees skills and abilities therefore enhance the organizations performance greatly.

Essay --

a)Reinhold Messner guessed that Otzi is 500 years old. b)Erika and Helmut Simon inaugural discovered Otzi. c)Otzi probably brought species of grass that do not grow at that altitude. d)Walter Kutschera works with the Vienna environmental Research Accelerator. e)Willard Libby assumed that C-14 content in the atmosphere was constant over time. f)Rainer Henn flew the deoxyephedrineman to his institute by helicopter. g)Konrad Spindler was the first person to estimate the icemans age to be about 4000 years. 2.The Similaun Mountain Peaks height, in meters, is 3607 meters. 3.After the discovery of an unusual piece of equipment found with Otzis body, Spindler made the inclination that the icemans age is older than 500 years old on September 24, 1991. 4.A water divide is the line that separates bordering or nearby water basins. 5.a)The Inn is referring to the River Inn which is north of the water divide. b)Situated along the border of Austria and Italy, the location of Otzi sparked many debates. Initially, the water divide between the Rivers Inn and Etsch was use as a guide for the location of the border line, but snow and ice made it difficult to clearly identify the location of the water divide. Otzi was declare to be found just 92 meters within Italy after the clarification of the border line, which means Italy holds possession over Otzi. However, it was later observed that the water from the ice and snow was now draining towards River Inn. c)The Iceman was kept in Austria for six years after his discovery. 6.An ax with bronze-like blade was found with Otzis body. 7.The Iceman is kept in a glass vitrine with regulated temperature of -6 and humidity of 98% at glacier-like conditions. 8.Zurich and Oxford la... ...or mass spectrometry. 22.AMS determines the isotopic composition of a sample material by first producing a negatively-charged ion beam, which is then subjected to a series of extremely selective filtering procedures in order to find C-14. 23.a)The second step for preparing a sample to be carbon- date by AMS is the complete combustion of carbon to CO2. b)Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co) are used as catalysts in step 3. 24.a)The names of the two articles written by Willard Libby are Atmospheric helium three and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation and Age determinations by radiocarbon content checks with samples of known age. b)Three articles were cited from the diary called Radiocarbon.c)The name of the article by Nicolussi and Patzelt is called Discovery of early- Holocene wood and peat on the forefield of the Pasterze Glacier, Eastern Alps, Austria.